Future vs Present Continuous

Future

be going to +  base verb

Exemplo: I´m going to go to the park.

Present Continuos

to be + verb-ing

Exemplo: I´m going to the park.

Usa-se para acontecimentos que estão a decorrer agora (NOW), neste exacto momento (Right NOW).

Present perfect and Past perfect

Present perfect                                   


I have
You have
He/She/It has        +   Past Participle
We have
You have
They have

Na negativa em vez de have/has, usa- se haven´t /hasn´t

- Usa-se para falar de alguma coisa que fizeste no passado e o resultado disso ainda continua no presente.

Exemplo: I have finished my homework. Significa que fizeste os teus trabalhos de casa no passado (talvez na noite passada, na semana passada, etc) e os teus trabalhos de casa continuam contigo no presente enquanto estás a falar.


Past Perfect

I had
You had
He/She/It had        +   Past Participle
We had
You had
They had

Na negativa em vez de had, usa-se  hadn´t.

- Usa-se para dizer alguma coisa que fizeste no passado e o resultado do que fizeste não continua no futuro.

Exemplo: I had had an Iphone last year. Significa que no passado (provavelmente ontem, na semana passada, no ano passado, etc..) tu tinhas o teu iPhone contigo mas entretanto perdeste-o e não o tens agora.

Present Simple and Present Continuous

Present Simple

Peter plays tennis- Peter joga ténis.
Isto quer dizer que faz parte da rotina do Peter jogar ténis. Ou seja, é um hábito.

Assim sendo, com advérbios de frequência (frequency adverbs) usa-se o Present Simple.


Frequency adverbs: always, often, frequently, occasionally, rarely and never.


Present Continuous

Peter is playing tennis- Peter está a jogar ténis.
Isto quer que o Peter está a jogar ténis neste momento (right now).

Algumas expressões que indicam que se deve usar o Present Continuous: at the moment, these days, now and nowadays.

Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that link words, phrases or clauses.
They always connect two elements.

EITHER...OR

Connects two or more alternatives/options. (positive meaning)

Ex.: Paul and Sam want to go either to a summer camp or an a cruise.

NEITHER....NOR

Connects two or more negative alternatives/options. (negative meaning)

Ex.: Neither Paul nor Sam wants to go to a summer camp. They both prefer going to the beach.

Past Simple and Past Continuous

PAST SIMPLE- Form: Verb + ed (Regular vebs) / List of irregular verbs

We use it: To talk about a finished action in the past.

Affirmative: Last Saturday Sam visited his parents at the campsite.
Negative: Last Saturday Sam didn´t visit his parents at the campsite.
Interrogative: Did Sam visit his parents at campsite last Saturday?

Time expressions: Yesterday, two (days/weeks/years) ago, last (week, month), in April, on 4th March, when.

PAST CONTINUOUS- Form: was/were + verb -ing

We use it: For actions which were in progress at a specific time in the past.

Affirmative: When I arrived at the beach, my friends were playing beach volley.
Negative: When I arrived at the beach, my friends weren´t playing beach volley.
Interrogative: Were they playing beach volley when you arrived at the beach?

Time expressions: While, yesterday, at (nine o´ clock/half past nine), all (morning/day).

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Normal	Comparative	Superlative
Fat	Fatter than	The fattest
Hot	Hotter than	The hottest
Big	Bigger than	The biggest
Sad	Sadder than	The saddest
Wet	Wetter than	The wettest
Slim	Slimmer than	The slimmest
Thin	Thinner than	The thinnest
Happy	Happier than	The happiest
Sunny	Sunnier than	The sunniest
Funny	Funnier than	The funniest
Good	Better than	The best
Bad	Worse than	The worst
Tall	Taller than	The tallest
Short	Shorter than	The shortest
High	Higher than	The highest
Low	Lower than	The lowest
Large	Larger than	The largest
Old	Older than	The oldest
Young	Younger than	The youngest
Small	Smaller than	The smallest
Kind	Kinder than	The kindest
Beautiful	More beautiful  than	The most beautiful
Comfortable	More comfortable than	The most comfortable
Interesting	More interesting than	The most interesting
Modern	More modern than	The most modern

Speaking

1

What´s your name?
My name is....

What´s your surname?
My surname is....

How do you spell that?


Where do you come from? / Where do you live?
I come from Portugal. I live in Apúlia.

Do you speak English at school?
Yes, I do.

What other subjects do you study?
I study: Maths, Study Skills (Estudo Acompanhado), Art (Educação Visual e Tecnológica), Visual Arts (Educação Visual), Music (Educação Musical), Portuguese, Civics (Formação Cívica), Physical Education (Educação Física), History  (História ), Science (Ciências), Religious Education (Educação Moral e Religiosa), Project Work (Área de Projecto), French (Francês), Physics and Chemistry (Físico-Química).

What subject do you like best? Why?
I like ______ because...

What subject is the most difficult? Why?
Maths, because it takes time and energy.
........... because I don´t have patient to Maths.
........... because I don´t understand.

FOOD
What food do you like best? /What´s your favourite food? Why?
Fried diced pork with blood rice, from Minho (Rojões à moda do Minho), because I like the taste.

Where do you usually have lunch?

I usually have lunch at school.

.............................. at home.

FAMILY

Who do you live with?

I live with my parents and my brother/my sister.

How many brother and sisters have you got?

I have got.....

What does your father/mother do?

How old are they?

Have you got a pet?

SPORTS

Do you practise any sports?

What´s your favourite sport? Why?

When do you usually practise sport?

Who do practise sport with?

COUNTRY/TOWN

What do you like about your country / town? Why?

What can you do to spend time in your town?

FRIEND

Who is your best friend?

How old is he/she?

What do you like about your friend? Why?
I like his/her sense of humour because he/she makes me laugh

What do you usually do with him/her?
I usually play video games with him
I usually go shopping with her.

CLOTHES

What kind of clothes do you like? Why?

Where do you buy your clothes?~
At the shopping.

What´s your favourite colour? Why?

Tell me something about...

• your family
• your house
• your town
• your country
• your hobbies/ your freetime activities
• your holidays
• your friends and what you like doing with them
• the food you like to eat
• what you do at the weekend
• the job you like to have
• your school

Hobbies

- What are your favourite hobbies? Why?
- What kind of books do you like to read? Why?
- Do you like listening to music?
- What kind of music do you like? Why?
- Do you listen to songs in English?
- Do you usually watch TV?
- What kind of programmes do you watch?
- Do you usually go to the cinema?
- What kind of films do you like? Why?

Present Perfect Continuous

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfectcontinuous.html

http://www.learn4good.com/languages/evrd_grammar/presentpcont.htm

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-progressive

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-progressive/exercises

http://www.grammarnet.com/ghtml/present/exprespcon1.htm

http://www.learn4good.com/languages/evrd_grammar/presentpcont_exc.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/present_perfect_progressive_mix.htm

http://www.learnenglish.de/Games/Tenses/PrePerCon.htm

http://www.englishtenseswithcartoons.com/page/test/present_perfect_continuous_exercise

http://www.casadoalan.com/Present_perfect_continuous_exer.html

http://www.englishforjapanese.com/exercises/verb%20forms/20%20perfect.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-perfect-continuous-exercise-2.html

http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-52071.php

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PRESENT PERFECT

Present Perfect Simple

* O present perfect simple forma-se com o present simple do verbo to have + o particípio passado do verbo a utilizar.
Joana has lived in Porto longer than Francisca.
USO
* O present perfect simple usa-se para falar de coisas que aconteceram num passado recente e são relevantes para o presente.
She’s been to the beach today

* As preposições for e since são, muitas vezes, usadas com o present perfect simple. Usa-se for para dizer há quanto tempo dura uma coisa. Usa-se since para indicar quando uma coisa começou.
I’ve been here for a month.
Sue has been a vegetarian since last year.

Os advérbios de tempo just, already e yet são, frequentemente, usados com o present perfect. Têm significados semelhantes, mas usam-se em situações diferentes.
Usa-se just para exprimir uma acção que acabou de acontecer.
I’ve just spilt some milk on the floor.

*Usa-se already nas frases afirmativas e a sequência é to have + already+ particípio passado.
I’ve already done something wrong.
*Usa-se yet nas frases negativas e interrogativas e coloca-se, geralmente, no fim.

He hasn’t arrived yet.
Has he arrived yet?

Present perfect simple and past simple

* O present perfect simple usa-se para falar de uma coisa que começou no passado, continua no presente e, muito provavelmente, continuará no futuro. O past simple usa-se para falar de acções que ocorreram no passado e não têm ligação com o presente.
He has lived in London for ten years.
He lived in Milan a long time ago.

* O Present perfect usa-se para falar de acções que ocorreram numa altura não especificada do passado. O past simple usa-se para falar de acções que ocorreram numa determinada altura do passado e que é, geralmente, mencionada.
She has already gone to bed.
She went to bed at 10 o’clock.

* O present perfect simple usa-se para falar de acções que ocorreram num período de tempo que ainda não acabou. Por exemplo: today, this month, this year. O past simple usa-se para falar de acções que ocorreram num período de tempo que já acabou. Por exemplo: yesterday, last month, last year ou this morning, se já passa do meio dia.

I’ve had three cups of coffee today.
I had two cups of tea yesterday.

WE USE THE SIMPLE PAST WHEN:

- WE TALK ABOUT ACTIONS THAT HAPPENED A LONG TIME AGO

- WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS: AGO, LAST MONTH/WEEK..., YESTERDAY, IN 1985...

• WE USE THE PRESENT PERFECT WHEN:
  
  - WE TALK ABOUT RECENT ACTIONS
  
  - WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS:
  
  - JUST, ALREADY, NEVER, EVER, FOR, SINCE

http://www.apena.rcts.pt/internet2003/posto11/pagina3.htm

http://www.apena.rcts.pt/internet2003/posto11/pagina4.htm

http://www.esds1.pt/site/images/stories/isacosta/secondary_pages/Grammar/s.%20past%20vs.%20pr.pdf

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs5.htm

http://www.prof2000.pt/users/joaojardim/Hotpotatoes/pastandperfect_cloze.htm

If Clauses- First and Second Conditional

Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ Expressam uma situação/condição possível ou provável de vir a acontecer no futuro.

Form: If + Present Simple + Future Simple (will/won´t + infinitive)

Example: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.


Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ Expressam uma situação/condição improvável ou hipotética no presente ou no futuro.

Form: If + Past Simple + Conditional I (would/wouldn´t + infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

🔺 A ordem da frase condicional pode ser trocada. Ao inverter a ordem da frase, a vírgula é substituída por if que separa as duas partes da frase.

Example: If you eat so many chocolates, you will have a spotty face.
                You will have a spotty face if you eat so many chocolates.


Exercises:

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences

The Past Perfect

eg: They had already left

Form:
Affirmative: subject + had + the past participle of main verb.

eg:He had gone.
She had played.

Negative: subject + had not (hadn't) + the past participle of main verb

eg:He hadn't studied much
they hadn't come soon

Interrogative: Had + subject + the past participle of the main verb.


eg:had he sudied much?
had they come soon?


PAST PERFECT: we use the past perfect when we want to talk about things that happened before the past time we are mentioning.




Exercises:

Complete with the past simple or the past perfect of the verbs in brackets.

1- I only understood (understand) the film because I had read (read) the book.

2- Rachel had studied (study) English she moved (move) to Bristol two years ago.

3- I had tried (try) to fill in the form but I couldn't (can not) answer all the questions.

4- When they arrived (arrive), the film had already started (start).

5- I was (be) tired I had worked (work) very hard.

6- My sister ate (eat) all the cake that our mother had made (make).

7- Before he came (come) here he had spoken (speak) with his parents.

8- The waiter brought (bring) a drink that she hadn't ordered (not order).

9- Had you eaten (eat) anything before you went (go) to the concert?

10- Had he read (read) the contract before he signed (sign) it?


written by: Catarina Vasco